Detecting anomalies within smart buildings using do-it-yourself internet of things

Detecting anomalies at the time of happening is vital in environments like buildings and homes to identify potential cyber-attacks. This paper discussed the various mechanisms to detect anomalies as soon as they occur. We shed light on crucial considerations when building machine learning models. We constructed and gathered data from multiple self-build (DIY) IoT devices with different in-situ sensors and found effective ways to find the point, contextual and combine anomalies. We also discussed several challenges and potential solutions when dealing with sensing devices that produce data at different sampling rates and how we need to pre-process them in machine learning models. This paper also looks at the pros and cons of extracting sub-datasets based on environmental conditions.EPSRC PETRAS (EP/S035362/1) and GCHQ National Resilience Fellowshi

Cyber physical anomaly detection for smart homes: A survey

Twenty-first-century human beings spend more than 90\% of their time in indoor environments. The emergence of cyber systems in the physical world has a plethora of benefits towards optimising resources and improving living standards. However, because of significant vulnerabilities in cyber systems, connected physical spaces are exposed to privacy risks in addition to existing and novel security challenges. To mitigate these risks and challenges, researchers opt for anomaly detection techniques. Particularly in smart home environments, the anomaly detection techniques are either focused on network traffic (cyber phenomena) or environmental (physical phenomena) sensors' data. This paper reviewed anomaly detection techniques presented for smart home environments using cyber data and physical data in the past. We categorise anomalies as known and unknown in smart homes. We also compare publicly available datasets for anomaly detection in smart home environments. In the end, we discuss essential key considerations and provide a decision-making framework towards supporting the implementation of anomaly detection systems for smart homes

High frequency internet protocol for wide area networks

The future success of high frequency (HF) communication systems rely on its ability to integrate and support IP diversity within a multiple intemet protocol (IP) based networks, such as satellite communication (SATCOM), local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN) bearers. The introduction of new and proposed standards on HP-IP in recent years has increased the interest in the areas of performance analysis of HP -IP communication systems and networks. A wide range of modem services rely on IP and current HP-IP systems can support 2.4 to 19.2 kbps services such as e-mail and intemet. However, the reliability and the quality of service (QoS) still remains an issue of interest, particularly over longer distance skywave channels. These modem services require a higher data rate, much better bandwidth utilisation and a good QoS for its successful implementation. This work investigated HP-IP systems with the aim of improving the performance of legacy, current and proposed future systems without modifications to existing hardware systems. Initially the research conducted involved practical measurements and analysis on HF-IP systems complying with proposed NATO STANAG 5066 draft/edition 2 standards. Having investigated several NATO HF-IP standards (STANAG 5066 editionl, STANAG 5066 draft/edition 2, STANAG 4539/4285/4529, etc), a novel concept of error control coding (ECC) within the data link (DL) layer for HP-IP systems was proposed. Benefit of this proposed concept is that it does not require hardware modifications in legacy and current system for improving the performance. For application of this concept high performance low density parity check (LDPC) coding was considered. Two classes of short block length quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC codes with switchable- rate single encoder/decoder structure; based on finite fields were designed and constructed. Several code rates were constructed within a single encoder/decoder structure resulting in reduced implementation complexity. Both classes of codes were simulated using HF channel model (ITU- R F.1487) covering latitudes and conditions for performance analysis. The simulation results show by using switchable-rate QC-LDPC coding scheme that there is coding gain of 2.4 dB compared to the existing STANAG 4539 convolutional coding scheme demonstrating the high performance of the proposed scheme in ITU-R F.l487 HF channel environment. In addition, the use of STANAG 5066 draft/edition 2 operating on a skywave multi-node HF-IP token ring (TR) WAN for a civilian disaster relief scenario was investigated. Here, a novel HF-IP network concept was proposed. The concept incorporates multi-node HF-IP TR WAN as an inner network, supported by an outer network made up of digital radio monodiale (DRM) service operating on a single frequency within the HF band. As STANAG 5066 draft/edition 2 was primarily designed to supporting multi-node HF-IP networks, it was vital to understand the network reliability and number of practical nodes that this network can support in different skywave HF channel conditions. A 3-node network based on skywave propagation covering a large geographical area was investigated. Using this scenario probability of reliability of a skywave multi-node HF-IP was analysed by simulations and practical measurements using STANAG 5066 draft/edition 2 IP protocol and STANAG 4539 modem setups. This analysis showed that the skywave multi-node HF-IP TR network can reliably operate between 3-5 nodes.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Visible light ID system for indoor localization

In recent years visible light communication (VLC) has been matured as an emerging wireless optical technology. Main attraction of VLC is its dual functionality of providing illumination and data from the same light bulb. VLC has been considered for many application areas for its unique characteristics, where this work introduces VLC for novel indoor positioning and navigation architecture. To establish this novel architecture, VLC ID transmission method with digital mapping has been introduced. Proposed solution provides accurate and reliable positioning by using dual functionality light bulbs without installation of additional hardware infrastructure in the buildings. Additionally, this work shows a VLC augmented architecture with existing wireless radio frequency (RF) technologies for indoor tracking applications

A practical approach of VLC architecture for smart city

The purpose of this paper is to introduce maturing visible light communication (VLC) technology as a candidate bearer technology for supporting seamless high speed broadband connectivity in smart city architecture. A smart city is one which uses its resources as smart and efficient as possible. In a smart city, the structures of the various urban systems are made clear, simple, and responsive via contemporary technology and design. For a city to become smart and efficient, key challenges are to have seamless connectivity among its functional layers. There are layers of connectivity in smart city architecture and these are based on commercially available RF based bearer technologies. The high speed data services demand from the users are increasing continuously, but the limited availability of RF bandwidth has resulted in poor quality of services (QoS) to the users. However, now there is a growing trend in exploring alternative communication technologies that are capable of reducing RF bandwidth demand and improve the QoS for the user. Recent improvements in solid state lighting technology has resulted in attracting attention of optical wireless technologies such as Visible light communication. It can be used for easing the demand of the RF spectrum and migrating wireless connectivity to visible light region of the optical spectrum. The VLC has an infinite spectrum comparison to RF spectrum and can harmoniously integrate into the city lighting network architecture of a smart city. This paper introduces the novel architecture of obtaining high speed broadband connectivity by integrating VLC in Smart Cities. This approach is discussed with practical measurements, architectural designs, technological challenges and future development trends that are relevant to modern urban cities